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Abrasion : The technique of using
abrasive wheels to cut shallow decorative areas in glass. It also refers
to the process of using hard particles in various ways to cut or matt
the glass surface or to shape glass items.
Abrasive wheels : Wheels for grinding and cutting glass.
Acid etching Graver à l'acide
Травлениекислотой
:
This process for the decoration of glass involves the application of
hydrofluoric acid to the glass surface. Hydrofluoric acid vapours or
baths of hydrofluoric acid salts may be used to give glass a matt,
frosted appearance (similar to that obtained by surface sandblasting).
Acid-etched decoration is produced by covering the glass with an
acid-resistant substance such as wax, through which the design is
scratched.
Acid polishing Polir à l'acide
Zuurpolijsten
Кислотная
полировка
: A process of making a glossy,
polished surface, used in the production of cut crystal to remove the
opacity of etched surfaces where decoration has been applied. Items to
be polished are immersed in a mixture of de-mineralized water, sulphuric
acid and hydrofluoric acid, and then rinsed.
Acid stamping : The use of a stamp to produce a logo or
trademark on glass using an etching acid.
Agate glass : Glass marbled with brown,
blue, green, and yellow swirls in imitation of banded semiprecious
stones like agate or chalcedony.
Alabaster Albast
: CaSO4.2H2O, calcium sulphate or gypsum.
Alabaster glass : A type of translucent slightly grey or white
glass, similar to opal glass.
Albite
Albiet
Albit
Albita
: NaAlSi3O8,
a feldspar mineral.
Alexandrit glass, alexandrite glass : Glass which produces the dichroic effect
exhibited by the mineral alexandrite. It results from the addition of
about 4% neodymium oxide to the batch.
Alumina Alumine, oxyde d'alumine
Aluminiumoxide
Оксид алюминия
:
Al2O3; aluminium oxide.
Amber glass Braunglas
Bruin glas
Verre brun,
Verre jaune
Янтарное стекло
:
Amber coloured glass, used particularly for container glass. Amber glass
offers excellent protection from ultraviolet radiation; amber glass
extends the shelf life of light sensitive products..
Ampoul, Ampoule, Ampul
Ampulle
Ампула
:
A relatively small glass container designed to be filled and sealed by
fusion of the glass neck.
Anatase Anataas
: TiO2, titanium
dioxide.
Andalusite
Andalousite
Andalusiet
Andalusit
Andalúzit
Andaluzita
Andaluzyt
: Al2SiO5, Aluminium
silicate mineral.
Anhydrite
Anhidrit
Anhydriet
Anhydrit
Anhydrita
Anidrita
: CaSO4, mineral.
Anisotropy Anisotropie
: Term used in the façade industry to describe the manifestation,
under certain light and viewing conditions, of patterns and colourful
areas in heat-treated glass.
Annealing Recocido
Recuisson
Ricottura
Uitgloeien
: Under natural conditions, the
surface of molten glass will cool more rapidly than the centre. This
results in internal stresses which may cause the glass sheet or object
to crack, shatter or even explode some time later. The annealing process
is designed to eliminate or limit such stresses using a strictly
controlled cooling in a special oven known as a "lehr".
Annealing lehr, Lehr Arca de recocido
Arche de recuisson
Kühlofen, Kühltunnel
печь отжига
:
A long belt-fed, tunnel shaped oven used for continuous annealing to
remove any residual thermal stresses in the glass.
Annealing point Hoge ontspanningstemperatuur
Oberer
Kühlpunkt
Point
supérieur de recuit
: Temperature at which 'stress is
relieved' in a few minutes; the viscosity at the annealing point is 1012Pa.S..
Annealing range Интервал отжига
:
Range of glass temperature in which stress in glass can be relieved at a
practical rate. The annealing range corresponds with the temperature
difference between the annealing point and the strain point.
Anorthite Anorthiet
: CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2,
lime feldspar mineral.
Anorthoclase Anorthoklaas
: NaKO.Al2O3.6SiO2, feldspar
mineral.
Applied ceramic labelling, ACL : Coloured lettering or design of a ceramic nature
fused onto glass containers. After printing, the design is heated in a
lehr and becomes permanently fused.
Arcanite Arkaniet
: K2SO4,
potassium sulphate mineral.
Aurene : A type of glass with an
iridescent surface made by spraying the glass with lead chloride or
stannous chloride and reheating it under controlled atmospheric
conditions.
Aventurine : Translucent glass with
sparkling inclusions of gold, copper, or chromic oxide.
AZS refractories AZS vuurvasten
: Refractory blocks or tiles in varying proportions of
alumina-zirconia-silica; initially used for areas where corrosion
resistance was important but now used in most parts of the furnace.
Back wall : Section of wall above the
soldier blocks at the furnace charging end.
Baddeleyite
Baddeleyiet
Baddeleyit
Baddeleyita
Βαδδελεΐτης
бадделеит
:
ZrO2zirconium oxide mineral.
Baffle Voorvormbodem
: Mould part, on top of the blank,
used to close the delivery or baffle hole in a blank mould.
Baffle mark : Mark or seam at the
bottom of the glass container, resulting from a mould joint between
blank mould and baffle.
Baryte, barite Bariet
Barita, Baritina
Barite
Baryt
Baryte, Barytine
Βαρύτης
: BaSO4, mineral consisting of barium
sulphate.
Batch Composition
Gemeng
Gemenge
Шихта
:
A term used to refer to the raw materials required to produce the
desired type of glass once they have been weighted and mixed, and are
ready for melting. Silica, soda and lime are often the major ingredients
(for soda lime glass). Cullet as well as minor ingredients like
colorants can be added to the batch
Batch charger Cargadora
Einlegemachine
Enfourneuse
Загрузчик шихты
:
Mechanical device for introducing the batch into the furnace.
Batch house Atelier de
composition
Gemengehaus
: Part of the glass plant
where batch materials are received, handled, weighted and mixed for
delivery to the melting furnaces.
Bent finish : Container glass defect: a
finish which has a bent appearance.
Bent neck : Container glass defect: a neck
where the finish is tilted to one side.
Binder : Resin soluble adhesive
that secures the random glass fibres in chopped strand mat or
continuous strand roving.
Bird swing, bird cage Affenschaukel
Balançoire, Trapèze
Trapecio
Vogelkooitje
: A string of glass across the
inside of a glass container. Bird swings are classified as critical
defects.
Bit : Gob; A mass of molten
glass, usually small and freshly gathered from the furnace.
Blank Voorvorm
: Refers to a glass parison or
preliminary shape that is formed during the first step of the glass
forming process (container glass).
Blank mould Moule
ébaucheur
Voorvorm
Vorform
Черновая форма
:
Container glass: the mould that first shapes the glass during the hollow
ware manufacturing process i.e. the mould in which the parison is
formed.
Blister Blasen
Blazen, bellen
Bolle
Bouillons
Burbujas
: Relatively large (>2mm) gaseous inclusion in glass.
Blobbing : A technique of decorating
hot glass by dropping coloured blobs of molten glass onto the surface.
Blow and blow process Blas-Blas-Verfahren
Procédé
souffler souffler, Soufflé-soufflé
: A machine-made bottle forming process where the
parison is blown in both the parison mould and blow mould.
Blow mould, Finishing mould Blasform, Fertigform
Moule
finisseur
Navorm
Чистовая форма
:
Container glass: the mould within which the parison (gob of glass) is
expanded into the final shape.
Blowpipe Blaaspijp
Canne, Canne à
souffler
Glasmacherpfeife
: An iron or steel tube, usually
about four to five feet long, for blowing glass. Blowpipes have a
mouthpiece at one end and are usually fitted at the other end with a
metal ring that helps to retain a gather.
Body check : Container glass defect: a
crack through the wall thickness in the body of the container.
Borax
Borac
Borace
Bóra
: Na2B4O7.10H2O;
a hydrated borate mineral used for boron containing glasses.
Bore : The opening from which the
glass container content is accessed.
Borosilicate glass Borosilicaatglas
Borosilikatglas
Verre borosilicate
Vetro al
borosilicato
Vidrio borosilicatado, Vidrio de borosilicato
Vidro
borossilicato
Боросиликатное стекло
ホウケイ酸ガラス
: A high silicate glass that has at least 5% boron
oxide. Such glass is highly resistant to chemical corrosion and thermal
shock and is particularly suitable for laboratory ware, domestic cooking
ware, high-power lamps and other technical glass ware. It is also used
when glass has to be bonded to metal and low expansion is a key
characteristic.
Boosting : An auxiliary method of adding
energy to the glass melt by passing electric current through the molten
glass.
Borax
: Na2B4O7·10H2O;
mineral and important boron compound.
Bottle spacer : An equipment to create a space between glass
containers on a conveyor to avoid bottle to bottle contact.
Bottom plate : Part of the mould which contains the heel (base)
radius and the push up of the glass container to be formed.
Bridge wall Brugwand
Schattenwand
: Part of a glass melting furnace
between melter and furnace.
Brightness Helderheid
Helligkeit
Luminance
: Describes the average
transmission across the entire visible spectrum of a glass colour
according the CIE colour system. The brightness ranges from 0% to 100%.
In the CIE colour diagram the brightness is not shown, it is in fact the
third dimension perpendicular to the X-Y surface of the CIE colour
diagram. The darker a glass colour, the lower the brightness.
Brush marks : Container glass defect: fine
vertical lines on the side or neck of a bottle.
Bubble Bouillon
Пузырь
: A pocket of gas trapped in
glass during the melting or forming process. Very small bubbles are
known as seeds.
Bulged finish : Finish defect; a finish blown out of shape.
Burner block Branderblok
Brennerstein, Düsenstein
Горелочный блок
: Refractory block through which
fuel is admitted to the furnace.
Burnt lime Gebrannter
Kalk
: CaO; calcined limestone,
calcium oxide
Bushings Filières
: Platinum alloy
electrically-heated boxes with numerous nozzles in their bases used as
furnaces for the forming of continuous glass fibre. Glass can be fed
into the heated bushing either in its molten state from a forehearth
(direct melt) or, alternatively, as marbles to be melted (re-melt
process).
Calcedonio : Glass marbled with brown,
blue, green, and yellow swirls in imitation of chalcedony or other
banded semiprecious stones.
Calcite
Calciet
Calcit
Calcita
Kalcit
Canxit
Kalsit
方解石
: CaCO3, mineral.
Calcium oxide, quicklime, burnt lime Calciumoxide
Chaux
окись кальция
:
CaO; chemical compound; basic compound of soda lime glass.
Calumite Calumiet
: Blast furnace slag used as a
batch raw material; often used as an alternative to feldspar and
nepheline syenite.
Came : A grooved strip of lead used
to join separate parts of glass windows.
Cassiterite Cassiteriet
: SnO2, tin oxide
mineral.
Cat scratch : glass defect: surface
irregularities on glass resembling the marks of a cat's claws.
Cathedral glass : a form of rolled, translucent glass, often with
a highly textured surface.
Celsian Celsiaan
Celsiana
Celsiane
Celsjan
: BaAl2Si2O8,
a barium feldspar. The mineral is too rare to be used as a source of
barium for glassmaking.
Ceramic labeling : A process of labeling glass containers with a
label composed of coloured glass that is fused to the container.
Ceramic welding : Glass furnace hot repair technique, i.e. a
repair whilst the furnace is still in operation; the process consists of
projecting a dry mixture or refractory powder and finely divided metals
carried by a current of oxygen onto the hot face of the refractory zone
to be repaired. The refractory powder is raised to its melting
temperature and bonds to the repair zone substrate.
Chamotte : a ceramic raw material having
a high percentage of silica and alumina. It can be produced by firing
selected fire clays to high temperature.
Charging : The process of loading batch
into a furnace.
Checker bricks Briques d'empilage
Kammerstein
: Firebricks alternating with openings in the
chambers of a regenerative furnace.
Checks
Glaçures
Risse
: Glass surface cracks.
Chipped finish : Container glass defect: piece(s) broken out of
the top edge of the finish.
Choked bore : Container glass defect: excess
of glass has been distributed to the inside of the finish or opening.
Choked neck Col bouché
Cuello
obstruido
Verengter
Hals
Stophals
: A container glass defect: an
obstruction of the neck of a bottle.
Chopped strand mat, CSM : Fiberglass: short strands of fiber arranged in a
random pattern and held together with a binder.
Chromite
Chromiet
Chromit
Cromit
Cromita
хромит
Χρωμίτης
: FeCr2O4,iron
chromium oxide mineral.
Chromium oxide Chromoxid
Chroomoxide
Ossido di cromo
: Inorganic compound of the formula Cr2O3.
Coated glass : Glass obtained by applying one or more coatings
of inorganic materials to alter its physical properties like solar
factor, emissivity, colour, light transmission, light reflection etc.
Cobalt oxide Kobaltoxide
: CoO, CoO2, Co2O3 or Co3O4;
a very powerful colouring oxide. It produces a very strong, intense
blue. The colour changes towards mauve in the presence of magnesium and
towards turquoise with titanium.
Cold end Bout froid
холодный участок линии
:
The stage in glass production involving processing when the container
glass is cold. Cold end processes include quality inspection, grinding,
engraving, cutting, etc..
Cold end coating : A container glass coating, typically
polyethylene applied immediately after annealing via a water based
emulsion. This coating makes the glass slippery, improving conveyor
transport and protecting the glass container from scratching.
Colemanite
Colemaniet
Colemanit
Colemanita
Colémanite
Kolemanit
Колеманит
: Ca3B6O11.5H2O;
borocalcite, a hydrated borate mineral used for boron containing
glasses.
Conditioning zone : The part of the forehearth after the cooling
zone(s) where the glass is brought to the required working temperature.
Container glass Behälterglas
Verpakkingsglas
Verre
d'emballage
Тарное стекло
:
A type of glass for the production of glass containers such as bottles
and jars.
Cooling curve : Curves shown by plotting the temperature against
time in an annealing cycle.
Cooling zone Koelzone
: The part of a forehearth adjacent to the refiner or
distributor/working end and before the conditioning zone.
Copper oxide Koperoxide
Kupferoxide
: CuO, Cu2O; strong colouring oxide. In
an alkaline glass they produce a turquoise blue and in a lead glass,
green.
Copper wheel engraving : A form of engraving carried out by holding the
glass against a small copper wheel which is running in a lathe and fed
with a mixture of oil and abrasive powder.
Cords Cordes
Koorden,
Slieren
Schlieren
: A glass defect: part of the
glass that differs in composition from the surrounding matrix. This
different chemical composition produces a change in the refractive index
so that the cord is visible as a streak.
Corkage tear : Container glass defect: a vertical surface crack
at the inside of the finish.
Corundum Corindon
Corindón
Korund
Κορούνδιο
: Al2O3;a mineral valued as
an abrasive and, if transparent as a gemstone, called ruby if red and
padparadscha if pink-orange. All other colors are called sapphire. The
name "corundum" is derived from the Tamil word Kuruvindam or Sanskrit
word Kuruvinda meaning ruby.
Cristobalite
Cristobaliet
Cristobalit
Cridtobalita
Krystobalit
: SiO2; a
high-temperature polymorph of silica.
Critical defects Défauts critiques
Defectos
críticos
Kritischer
Fehler
Критические дефекты
:
Defects that affect the safety or health of the consumer and people
involved in the supply chain, or defects that result in non-conformity
with legislation and legal requirements.
Crizzle, Striae Посечки
:
An imperfection consisting of a multitude of fine surface fractures,
cracks.
Crizzled finish : Container glass defect: a finish with many fine
surface fractures, mainly across the top.
Crooked finish : Container glass defect: a finish which has a
crooked appearance.
Cross-fired furnace Dwarsgestookte oven
Four à brûleur
transversal
Печь с поперечным направлением
пламени
: Regenerative furnace in which
the flames pass across the width of the furnace.
Crown Bóveda
Gewelf,
Kap
Gewölbe
Voûte
: Top or roof of a glass furnace.
It is usually a free-standing arch built of high quality silica bricks.
Crystal, Crystal glass Cristallo, Vetro cristallo
Cristal,
Verre cristal
Kristal,
Kristalglas
Kristallglas
Хрустальное стекло
:
Lead glass which has a high refractive index and consequently is very
brilliant.
Cullet стекольный бой
Glasgruis, Scherven
Groisil, Calcin
Polvere di Vetro
Scherben
: Scrap glass intended for
recycling.
Cycle : The complete repeating
sequence of the operation in a specific process in moulding containers.
Cycle time : The elapsed time between a
specified point in one cycle and the same point in the next. During the
cycle the independent production section will manufacture a single
container for each mould loaded into that section.
Cylinder glass Cilinderglas
: A technique for producing window glass dating from the 11th
century. By blowing a hollow glass sphere and swinging it vertically,
gravity pulls the glass into a cylindrical "pod" measuring up to 3
metres long, with a width of up to 45 cm. While still hot, the ends of
the pod are cut off and the resulting cylinder cut lengthways and laid
flat.
Danner process Danner proces
: A widely used method for the production of glass tubing. The
process was developed by Edward Danner in 1912. In the Danner process,
the glass flow falls onto a rotating, slightly downward pointing
mandrel. Air is blown down a shaft through the middle of the mandrel,
thus creating a hollow space in the glass as it is drawn off the end of
the mandrel by a tractor mechanism. The diameter and thickness of the
glass tubing can be controlled by regulating the strength of the air
flow through the mandrel and the speed of the drawing machine.
Danny neck, tear on the neck : Container glass defect: a small surface section
of glass torn from the neck of the bottle.
Day tank Dagwan, Dagwanoven
Tageswanne
: A small glass furnace, refilled
with batch daily, with melting usually done at night and glass
production the following day. Used for producing larger quantities of
glass than is possible with pot furnaces (see "pot"). The type of glass
to be melted can be changed at short notice.
Dead plate : A stationary plate receiving a glass article
awaiting transfer (automatic production of moulded glass)
Decolourising Décoloration
Ontkleuring
: The process of introducing minerals into the batch which
neutralise the colouring effect of other materials in glass e.g.
selenium and cobalt are often used to counter the colour produced by
iron oxide, often occurring sand and other raw materials
Devitrification Desvitrificación
Dévitrification
Entglasung
Ontglazing
Расстекловывание
:
The crystallisation of a glass melt, which can occur when the melt is
held too long at a temperature just below the liquidus temperature.
Devitrite Devitriet
Devitrit
: Na2O.3CaO.6SiO2
devitrification crystals.
Dichroic : Term to describe glasses that
have been coated with one or more ultra-thin crystalline layers of
transparent metal oxides to enhance reflections at specific wavelengths
of light. The process occurs in a vacuum chamber at elevated
temperatures. The resulting effects are striking and brilliant colour
reflections at varying angles of incidence.
Diopside Diopsid
Diopsiet
: MgCaSi2O6,
a monoclinic pyroxene mineral.
Direct-fired furnace : A melting furnace having neither a recuperator
nor regenerator.
Disthene Distheen
Disthène
: Al2O3.SiO2;
silicate mineral.
Distributor : Section of the furnace to
which glass is delivered from the throat and then directed to the
forehearths.
Doghouse Einlegeraum,
Einlegevorbau
Hondenhok,
Inleghuis
Засыпочный карман
:
The batch feeding compartment within the furnace.
Dolomite Dolomie
Dolomiet
Dolomit
Dolomita
: CaMg(CO3)2;
a raw material compound of calcium and magnesium carbonate.
Domestic ware : The collective term for glass containers used in
the home (oven dishes, bowls, jars, etc.).
Dominant wavelength Bunttongleiche Wellenlänge
Dominante
golflengte
Longueur
d'onde dominante
: Describes the hue of a the
colour of a glass article according the CIE colour system. On the CIE
colour diagram, the dominant wavelength values are indicated on the
diagram border.
Double gob : The process of manufacturing a
glass container in which each independent production section of the
glass forming machine produces two containers in each cycle.
Drag marks : Container glass defect: fine
vertical laps near the shoulder or neck of the glass container.
Drawn glass Getrokken
glas
Verre étiré
Vetro tirato
: A process for making sheet glass by drawing the molten glass as
a sheet directly from the furnace. The thickness of the glass is
determined by the drawing rate.
E-glass Стекло Е
E-glas
Verre de type E
: Most common glass formulation used in fiber
glass reinforcements, originally formulated for use in electric
circuitry as the electrical conductivity is low.
Embossing : Raised lettering, designs or
graphics on the surface of a bottle that are formed by incising on the
mould surface.
Enamel Email
Smalto
: A vitreous substance made of
finely powdered glass coloured with metallic oxide and suspended in an
oily medium for ease of application with a brush. The medium burns away
during firing in a low-temperature muffle kiln (about 500-700°C).
End-fired furnace Four à boucle
Stirnbrennerofen, U-Flammenofen
U-vlamoven
Печь с подковообразным
пламенем
: A furnace in which the flames
travel lengthwise through ports in the end wall.
End-port furnace : A furnace with ports for fuel and air in the end
wall.
Engraving Graver
Graveren
: The production of a design in glass by cutting into the glass
surface. Engraving methods include rotating copper wheel engraving,
diamond or tungsten point engraving, acid etching and sand blasting.
Eskolaite : Cr2O3;
chromic oxide. A glass defect that usually consists of thin green
hexagonal plates, often in clusters.
Extrusion : A process for the production
of continuous strips or rods of material such as glass and also the
butyl used in the sealing of insulating glass units. The material,
molten in the case of glass, is forced through a die and cut to the
required length.
Feeder Speiser
питателя
:
A mechanical device mounted on the casing of the forehearth which
delivers the glass in gobs to the forming process. The rate of flow of
the molten glass is regulated by the use of different sized orifices in
the feeder spout and by a plunger which pushes the glass through the
orifice.
Feldspar Feldspat
Feldspath
Feldespato
Veldspaat
полевой шпат
:
Aluminium silicates of potassium, sodium, or calcium; used in the batch
as a means of adding alumina to the molten glass.
Fibre glass, fiberglass Fibra de vidrio
Glasvezel
: Very fine strands of glass (usually with a high boric oxide
content) used in the form of glass wool for insulation, glass fibre for
matting, etc., and for the reinforcement of plastics. The principal
production process involves blowing jets of steam or air onto molten
glass as it emerges from a tank furnace through very small diameter
nozzles.
Filament : Container glass defect: a
hair-like string inside the bottle.
Fining Affinage
Läuterung
Louteren
: The process by which gaseous
inclusions are removed from the glass melt. Fining agents induce the
formation of large bubbles which collect smaller bubbles as they rise to
the surface.
Finish Bague
Kop, Mond
Mündung
: Part of a bottle above the
distinctive upper terminus of the neck. It refers to the combination of
the lip (upper part) and collar (lower part) of a finish.
Finish tear : Container glass defect: a
finish which has a light surface crack in the threads or in the middle.
Fire clay Vuurklei
: Clay capable of being subjected
to high temperatures without fusing. So, fire clay crucibles are
suitable for glass batch melting.
Fire polishing Feuerpolieren
Vuurpolijsten
: Reheating of a glass object to melt the surface and eliminate
superficial irregularities or dullness.
Flange : Container glass defect: a
small ring of glass which is pressed out between the guide and neck
ring.
Flanged bottom : Container glass defect: a rim of glass around
the bottom at the parting line.
Flat glass Flachglas
Verre plat
Vetro piano
Vlakglas
: All types of glass (rolled, float, plate, etc.) produced in a
flat form, regardless of the method of production.
Flint glass Blank glas
Verre blanc
Vetro flint
Weiβglas,
Flintglas
флинт-стекло
:
Clear or colourless glass.
Float process Procesos de flotación
: A method for the production of high-quality sheet glass whereby
a ribbon of molten glass is fed across a bath of heated liquid, usually
molten tin, in a carefully controlled atmosphere. The process was
developed by the UK firm Pilkington Brothers.
Fluorspar, fluorite Fluβspat
Fluorit
Fluorita
Fluorite
Fluoryt
Spath fluor
Vloeispaat
плавикового
шпата
: CaF2,Calcium
fluoride or fluorite.
Flux-line : Level of molten glass in the
furnace
Foam glass Mousse de
verre
Schaumglas
Schuimglas
Пеностекло
:
Glass with a high bubble content, produced by adding additional gases or
gas forming substances to the glass melt. The resulting glass has a very
low density but a high compressive strength and dimensional stability,
making it particularly suitable for thermally and acoustically
insulation of construction materials.
Forehearth Avant-corps
Voorhaard
Канал питателя
:
A channel along which molten glass flows from the furnace to the forming
machines.
Forsterite Forsteriet
: Mg2,SiO4,
magnesium silicate.
Fourcault process Fourcault-Prozess,
Fourcault-Verfahren
: A process for manufacturing
sheet glass, invented by a Belgian engineer in 1905, by which sheet
glass is drawn directly from the melting tank. The slower the draw, the
thicker the glass.
Freaks : Container glass defect: odd
shapes and conditions that render the glass container unusable e.g. bent
or cocked necks.
Frit : Batch material that is
melted with other materials and then ground into powder form before
being added to the batch.
Fulgurite
Fulguriet, Bliksembuis
Фульгурит
:
Natural hollow glass tube formed in quartz sand or soil by lightning
strikes. Fulgurites are formed when lightning with a temperature of at
least 1800°C instantaneously melts silica on a conductive surface and
fuses grains together; the fulgurite tube is the cooled product. They
are sometimes referred to as petrified lightning.
Fused cast refractories Smeltgegoten vuurvast
: Refractories which are made by
melting the component materials in an electric furnace, and then pouring
the molten refractory materials into moulds.
Glass
Cam
Скло
Cтакло
тъклo
Стекла
De
sticlă
Glas
Gler
Gotë
Kaca
Klaas
Kioo
Ly
Sklo
Szkło
Şüşə
Üveg
Verre
Vetro
Vidrio
Vidro
Ħġieġ
Шкла
Γυαλί
कांच
유리
ガラス
กระจก
الزجاج
玻璃
: Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a
rigid condition without crystallisation.
Glass-ceramics Glaskeramiek
Glaskeramik
: material consisting of an amorphous phase
(glass) and crystalline phases (ceramics). Glass-ceramics are produced
by a controlled crystallization after the glass manufacturing process.
Glass-ceramics have interesting properties like high strength,
toughness, translucency or opacity, low or even negative thermal
expansion, high temperature stability and high chemical durability.
Glass ceramics are e.g. used for cooktops and cookware as well as for
astronomical telescopes using the interesting thermo-mechanical
properties of glass-ceramics.
Glass container : General term for glass bottles and jars.
Glass wool Glaswol
Glaswolle
Laine de
verre
Lana di vetro
Lano de vidrio
: An insulating material made from fiberglass, arranged into a
texture similar to wool.
Glory hole : A high-temperature chamber or
hole in the side of a furnace used for reheating and reshaping glass
either on a rod or blow pipe.
Gob Glasdruppel
Goutte de
verre, Paraison
Tropfen
: A portion of the molten glass
which is to be expanded into a glass item.
Gob feeder капельный
питатель
: A machine mounted at the end of
the forehearth that dispenses gobs of molten glass of consistent size
and weight for forming into glass containers.
Gold pink : Common name for pink coloured
glasses that require gold oxide as a coloring agent.
Gold ruby : Deep red glass, coloured by
the addition of gold chloride to the batch.
Grisaille : A decorative painting in
monochrome gray on stained glass windows.
Gypsum Alçi
Gesso
Gips
Gipsita
Gipsz
Gypse
Yeso
Γύψος
: CaSO4.2H2O, mineral.
Hackle marks : Fine ridges on the fracture surface of glass
parallel to the direction of propagation of the fracture.
Haematite Hematiet
Hématite
: Fe2O3,
mineral.
Hard glass Hard glas
Hartglas
: A glass with high softening point or high
viscosity.
Head space Kopfraum
Kopruimte
: Unfilled space in a glass container.
Heat resistant glass : Glass which has a low coefficient of expansion
and which is therefore less liable to thermal shock. Borosilicate glass
is the most common type of heat resistant glass.
Heel Hiel
: The lowest portion of a bottle
where the body begins to curve into the base.
Heel check : A container glass defect: a
vertical check located at the heel of the container.
Heel tap : A container glass defect where
excess glass has been distributed into the heel.
Hollow ware, Hollow glass ware Hohlglas
Holglas
Verre creux
полые
стеклоизделия
: A term used to refer to a wide
variety of containers and receptacles: container glass (bottles, jars,
medical and packaging glass), tableware (drinking glasses, bowls, etc.),
construction hollow ware (glass building blocks, etc.), medico-technical
glassware (laboratory equipment, tubing, etc.) and lighting glass
(lamps, bulbs, etc.).
Hot end Bout chaud
горячийучасток линии
: The area of a glass manufacturing plant where
molten glass is processed.
Hot end coating : Container glass coating consisting (usually) of
a very thin layer of tin oxide applied immediately before annealing. The
coating renders the surface of the glass more adhesive to the cold end
coating.
Hot spot Point chaud
: The area inside a
furnace, on the surface of the melt, which has reached the maximum
temperature.
Hydrofluoric acid Acide fluorhydrique
Acido
fluorhídrico
Acido
fluoridrico
: HF, a highly corrosive acid that attacks glass. Hydrofluoric
acid is used for acid etching.
Ice glass : A decorative effect hat causes
the glass surface to resemble cracked ice. By repeatedly plunging a
parison of hot glass into cold water and withdrawing it quickly, the
thermal shock creates fissures in the surface. These fissures impart a
frosted appearance after the parison has been reheated to continue the
forming process.
Iridescence : The rainbowlike effect that
changes according to the angle from which it is viewed or the angle of
incidence of the source of light.
Iridescent : Surface treatment in which a
layer of metallic oxide is bonded to the hot glass surface just after
sheet-forming, resulting in a colourful, rainbowlike, shimmering effect.
I.S. Machine I.S. Maschine
Machine I.S.
: Individual section container
forming machines; made up of individual but identical sections placed
side by side in line. Each section comprises an arrangement of
mechanisms with gears enabling the sections to be started or stopped
independently of the others, making the I.S. machine more flexible than
continuous- or intermittent-motion rotary machines.
Jar Bokaal,
Pot
Pot
: Rigid (glass) container with a wide mouth or
opening.
Kaolinite Kaoliniet
: Al2Si2O5(OH)4,
a clay mineral. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or
china clay. Kaolin is named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from
which it was mined for centuries.
Knockout : Container glass defect: a
small glass protrusion caused by a small chip in the mould seam.
Knot Knobbel
Knoten
: A glass defect: inhomogeneity
in the form of a vitreous lump.
Kyanite Kyaniet
: Al2O3.SiO2;
silicate mineral. It occurs as a natural contaminant of sands.
Laminated glass Cristal laminado
Многослойное стекло
Verre feuilleté
Vetro stratificato, vetro
laminato
Vidro
laminado
: Glass consisting of two or
more sheets of glass with one or more viscous plastic layers
"sandwiched" between the glass panes. The solid joining of the glasses
takes place in an autoclave. When laminated safety glass breaks, the
pieces remain attached to the internal plastic layer and the glass
remains transparent.
Lead crystal Bleikristall, Bleikristallglas
Cristal au
plomb
Loodkristal
: Type of glass with a high lead
oxide (PbO) content. Such glass has a high refractive index and is
particularly suited for decoration by cutting.
Lehr : Oven used for annealing
glassware.
Leopard spots : Term used in the façade industry to describe the
manifestation, under certain light and viewing conditions, of patterns
and colourful areas in heat-treated glass due to its anisotropic
characteristics.
Letter checks : Container glass defect: small cracks or fissures
in any lettering or embossing.
Leucite Leuciet
Leucit
: K2O.Al2O3.4SiO2,
mineral composed of potassium and aluminium tectosilicate.
Limestone Calcaire
Caliza
Kalksteen,
Kalk
Kalkstein, Kalk
: CaCO3; a sedimentary
rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate which is added to the batch to
provide calcium oxide.
Line over finish, LOF, Line over Mündungsfalte
: A container glass defect: line across the
sealing surface of a glass container that can cause a bottle leak after
filling.
Liquidus temperature Liquidustemperatur
Liquidustemperatuur
Температура ликвидуса
: The maximum temperature at
which an equilibrium exists between the molten glass and its primary
crystalline phase.
Littleton softening point Point de Littleton
Verwekingstemperatuur
: The temperature at which glass will deform under its own weight;
the corresponding viscosity is 106.6Pa.S.
Loading marks : A glass container defect: surface marks in the
upper region of the bottle, often with a fine line of blisters along
these marks.
Low emissivity glass, low-E glass Laag-emissiviteitsglas
Verre à basse
émissivité
Vetro basso emissivo
: Glass having a special thin-film metallic or oxide coating which
allows the passage of short-wave solar energy but prevents long-wave
energy produced by heating systems and lighting from escaping outside.
Low-E glass thus allows light to enter while also providing thermal
insulation.
Magnesia, magnesium oxide Magnésie
Magnesiumoxide
: MgO2; a white mineral that occurs naturally as
periclase
Magnesite
Magnesiet
Magnesit
Magnésite
Magnezit
: MgCO3; magnesium
carbonate
Major defects Défauts majeurs
Defectos mayores
Hoofdfouten
: Major (container glass) defects
are defects that are not critical (see critical defects) but that make
the product unsuitable for the purpose it was intended for and/or cause
disturbance during handling in the supply chain.
Mantle block : A refractory block fitting in the gap between
forehearth zones.
Marangoni effect : The Marangoni effect takes place when there is a
gradient of surface tension at the interface between two phases e.g. a
liquid-gas interface. The Marangoni effect is the mass transfer along
this interface. Due to the Marangoni effect, there is a severe corrosion
of the refractory blocks at the glass melt surface line.
Metal line Fluxlijn,
Glaslijn
: The surface line of a glass (or
metal) melt in a furnace or pot.
Microcline Microklien
: KAlSi3O8,
a potassium-rich alkali feldspar.
Milk glass Молочное стекло
:
An opaque or translucent, milky white or coloured glass, blown or
pressed into a wide variety of shapes.
Minor defects Défauts mineurs
Defectos menores
Kleine fouten
: Minor (container glass) defects are small defects which are not
critical defects (see 'critical defects') or major defects (see 'major
defects') but which influence the (visual) appearance of a glass
container in a negative way.
Moldavite Moldaviet
Молдавит
: An olive-green or dull greenish
vitreous substance possibly formed by a meteorite impact.
Molybdenum Molybdän
Molybdeen
: Mo, a metallic transition element commonly used for electrodes
in glass furnaces (electric melting).
Mould Form
Moule
Vorm
форма
: A form, normally made of metal
(or wood), used for shaping and/or decorating molten glass. Some moulds
(e.g., dip moulds impart a pattern to the parison, which is then
withdrawn, and blown and tooled to the desired shape and size; other
moulds are used to give the object its final form, with or without
decoration.
Mould seam шов
формы
: Raised lines on a glass article
that are formed where the edges of different mould parts came together.
Mullite
Mulliet
Mullit
Mullita
Муллит
: 2SiO23Al2O3; an
alumino-silicate e.g. used in furnace refractory blocks.
Narrow-neck ware, Narrow neck glass containers Enghalsbehälter
узкогорлая
стеклотара
: Glass containers, such as
bottles, whose opening is tapered and of smaller diameter than the body
of the vessel.
Neck Col
Hals
: Part of a bottle that lies
above the shoulder and below the finish.
Neck-ring Moule de
bague
Mündungsform,
Mündungsring, Mündungsrand
Nekring
: In the production of glass containers, the tool coupled with the
blank mould (parison) which gives the shape to the neck (finish) of the
container. During the shaping process in the IS machine, the neck ring
transports the glass container into the blow mould (or finishing mould).
Neck-ring parting line : Seam where the blank mould and the neck ring
join (container glass).
Neck ring seam : Container glass defect: a seam of glass lying
across the top or the side of the finish.
Nepheline Nefelien
Nefelin
Nefelina
Nephelin
Néphéline
Нефелин
: (Na,K)2O.Al2O3.2SiO2;
a rock forming mineral, common in nepheline syenite; feldspathoid;
silica-under saturated aluminosilicate. The name comes from the Greek
'νεφος' for 'cloud' since it turns cloudy when treated with strong acid.
Nephelinesyenite Nefelina sienito
Nefelien syeniet
霞石閃長岩
: a plutonic rock consisting of
nepheline and alkali feldspar.
Nickel sulphide Nikkelsulfide
: Inorganic compound with the formula NiS.Occurs as a spherical or
sometimes ellipsoidal inclusion with metallic appearance. A glass defect
that causes spontaneous breakage by volumetric expansion especially in
heat-strengthened and temepered glass.
NNPB PSEO
: Narrow neck press-blow; the process of
manufacturing narrow-neck glass containers through the press-blow
process.
Nosean
Noseaan
: Na8Al6Si6O24(SO4),a
mineral of the feldspathoid group.
Obsidian
Đá vỏ chai
Obsidiaan
Obsidiana
Obsidienne
Obsidyen
Ossidiana
обсидианы
: A natural (usually) black
volcanic siliceous glass.
Overpress finish Überpresste Mündung
: A critical container glass
defect: a finish which has excessive glass projecting upward from the
inside edge of the finish
Opal glass Opaalglas
Verre opale
Opalglas
Vetro opalino
Vidrio
opalino
опаловое стекло
:
Glass that resembles an opal, being translucent and (usually) milky
white
Optical glass Cristal óptico, Vidrio óptico
Optisches
Glas
Optisch glas
Verre optique
Vetro ottico
Оптическое стекло
:
High quality glass having closely specified optical properties used for
optical systems.
Orifice : A circular opening in the
bottom of the forehearth through which glass flows; in a feeder: an
opening in the bottom of the spout formed by the orifice ring.
Orifice ring Ausflussring, Speiserring,
Tropfring
: A ring forming a hole through
which glass flows (feeder process).
Orthoclase Orthoclas
Orthoklas
Ortoklas
Ortoclasa
Ορθόκλαστο
: KAlSi3O8,
feldspar mineral.
Overflow capacity : The volume measurement of a container at the
point of overflow.
Overpress Surpressées
: Glass defect; projecting excess
glass resulting from imperfect closing of mould joints; a small ridge of
glass on the sealing surface of the finish of a glass container.
Parison Paraison
: Preliminary shape or blank from which a glass
article is to be formed.
Parison mould Moule ébaucheur
Voorvorm
: Blank mould, a preliminary bottle forming mould
where the parison is formed.
Parting line Разделительная линия
:
Line or seam on glass articles resulting from the joint of the two mould
parts.
Pelletising : The preparation of materials,
e.g. batch ingredients, in pellet form.
Phonolite
Fonoliet, klanksteen
: An extrusive volcanic rock; a fine-grained equivalent of
nepheline syenite.
Pilkington process : Float glass process, invented by Pilkington and
Bickerstaff: a method of high quality flat glass production by floating
molten glass over a bath of molten tin.
Pincers : A glassworker's tool used for
decorating glass items by pinching the glass while it is hot.
Pinhole : Container glass defect: any
opening causing leakage, most often occurring in bottles with pointed
corners.
Plagioclase
Plagioclasa
Plagioclasio
Plagioklaas
Plagioklazy
:
Na(AlSi3O8) - Ca(AlSi2O8),
feldspar mineral
Plate glass : High quality flat glass made
by the casting or rolling of molten glass which is then mechanically
ground and polished to produce a smooth and transparent sheet.
Plunger Plunjer
Preβstempel
: A tool used in the production of glass
containers during the first stage of shape forming in the IS machine.
The task of the plunger is to help give the glass container its final
shape inside the parison (or blank mould).
Portlandite Portlandiet
: Ca(OH)2, calcium
hydroxide mineral.
Pot furnace Four à pot,
Four à creuset
Potoven
Горшковая
печь
: A furnace designed and built to
hold one or more pots for melting glass.
Press and blow process Pers-blaas proces
Preβ-Blas-Verfahren
Procédé
presser souffler
Прессо-выдувной
способ
: A (container) glass
manufacturing process: the finish and parison are pressed and the
parison is subsequently blown to form the final shape.
Pressed glass Persglas
Pressglas
Verre pressé
: Glassware formed by pressing a gob between a
mould and a plunger.
Prince Rupert's drop Prins Ruperts druppel
: Toughened glass beads created by
dripping molten glass into cold water, which causes it to solidify into
a droplet with a long, thin tail. These droplets are characterized by
very high internal residual stresses, which give rise to a very high
strength on the bulbous end without breaking, while exhibiting explosive
disintegration due to the internal stress release if the tail end is
even slightly damaged.
Push-up Bodeneinstich
Piqûre
Ziel
: A steep rise or pushed-up
portion of the base of a bottle (particularly of a wine bottle).
Pull : Quantity or weight of glass
delivered by a furnace in a given time, usually 24 hours.
Pyrex : A type of borosilicate glass.
Pyrite Pirit
Pirita
Pirite
Piryt
Pyriet
Pyrit
: FeS2, an iron
sulphide mineral.
Quartz
Kwarts
Quarz
кварца
:
SiO2, An abundant mineral in the earth's continental crust.
It is made of a continuous framework of SiO4silicon-oxygen
tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving
an overall formula SiO2
Quartz glass Kwartsglas
Quarzglas
Verre de quartz
Vetro di quarzo
Vidrio de cuarzo
: Quartz glass (fused quartz) is a type of glass containing
primarily silica (SiO2) in amorphous form.
Ream : Similar to cords, but reams
occur in layers rather than threads (more common in flat glass where the
layers are be drawn out).
Reboil Sekundäre
Blasenbildung
: The formation of bubbles at
refining temperatures which can lead to blisters in the glass.
Recuperative furnace Horno recuperador
Pекуперативная
печь
Recuperatieve
oven
Recuperativofen
: A furnace having a recuperator.
Recuperator
Récupérateur
: A continuous heat exchanger in
which the combustion air is heated by the flue gasses.
Redox
: The abbreviated form of reduction-oxidation. The term redox
equilibria is used to refer to the balance between reduction and
oxidation in the glass furnace.
Refiner Affineur
Werkwan
: A compartment of a glass tank
furnace for the purpose of conditioning the glass.
Refining Affinage
Läuterung
Loutering
: Refining ensures that a
homogeneous glass is produced during founding by eliminating bubbles
(see also "bubbles"). Refining is achieved through the action of certain
chemicals (refining agents) added to the batch recipe and also by
keeping the glass above the liquidus temperature so that the bubbles
rise to the surface.
Refractive index Brechungsindex
Brekingsindex
Indice de réfraction
Indice di rifrazione
: A standard of measurement used
particularly to establish the qualities of optical glass. The index is
the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence of a ray of light to the
sine of the angle of refraction (the change in direction when a ray of
light passes from one medium to another) by the glass. The second medium
normally used to establish the index is a vacuum.
Refractories Feuerfestmaterial
Réfractaires
Vuurvast
materiaal
: Material capable of withstanding
extremely high temperatures and thus used in furnaces for industries
such as glass and steel where raw materials have to be heated to a
molten form.
Regenerative furnace Horno regenerador
Регенеративная печь
Regeneratieve
oven
Regenerativofen
: A furnace having a regenerator.
Regenerator
Régénérateur
: A cyclic heat interchanger alternatively
receiving heat from exhaust gasses and transferring heat to air or gas
before combustion.
Regenerator Chambers Cámaras de regeneración
Chambres de
régénération
Regenerativkammern
Regeneratorkamers
камера
регенератора
: Cyclic heat interchanging
chambers of a regenerative furnace, alternatively receiving heat from
exhaust gasses and transferring heat to air or gas before combustion.
Ribbon machine : A machine with two continuous tracks, one above
the other. Glass is fed between the tracks, the upper one carries blow
moulds. The gobs of glass hang down from the continuous ribbon are blown
into articles e.g. lamp bulbs.
Rim : The extreme upper surface of
the finish of a glass container where the bore begins.
Ring mould Кольцевая форма
:
The neck forming and holding portion of a parison mould.
Rocker, Rocker bottom : Container glass defect: centre of bottom
protrudes beyond the plane of the outer rim allowing the glass container
to rock.
Rods : Cylindrical sticks of glass
used primarily in flameworking and glass bead making. They are available
in a wide colour range and many expansion coefficients.
Rolled glass Прокатное стекло
:
Rolled (or cast) glass is a translucent glass. It is used where
transparency of the glass sheet is not important or not desired. To
produce rolled glass, molten glass pours from the melting tank over a
refractory barrier and onto the machine slab where it flows under
a refractory gate, which regulates the volume of glass, and then between
two water-cooled rollers. The distance between the rollers determines
the thickness of the glass.
Roving : A collection of bundles of
continuous filaments in untwisted strands.
Rutile
Rutiel
Rutil
Rutilo
Rutyl
Рутил
: TiO2, mineral.
Saddle finish : A glass container defect: a gradual saddle like
slope or dip in the finish.
Safety glass Veiligheidsglas
Vetrata di securezza, vetro antirapina
Vidrio de seguridad
Vitrage de sécurité
Безопасное стекло
:
Glass which does not disintegrate into sharp and potentially dangerous
splinters when it is broken. Safety glass may be produced by laminating
or by tempering.
Sanbornite
Sanborniet
: A BaSi2O5, a barium phyllosilicate
mineral.
Sand
Arena
Sabbia
Sable
Zand
песка
बालू
رمللزجاج
: The most common form of silica (SiO2)
used in making glass. It is collected from the seashore or, preferably,
from deposits that have fewer impurities. For most present-day glass
making, sand must have a low iron content.
Sandblasting Sabbiatura
Sandstrahlen
Zandstralen
пескоструйная очистка
: High-pressured air with sand
applied to the surface of a glass object to carve texture.
Sanidine Sanidin
Sanidina
Sanidino
Sanidyn
Санидин
サニディン
: (K,Na)(Si,Al)4O8, mineral,
a high temperature form of (potassium) feldspar.
Screen printing : A process for the decoration of glass whereby
coloured ink is forced by a flexible "squeegee" through a fine-mesh
screen, or "mask", (traditionally made of silk, now also made of nylon,
polyester and stainless steel) onto the glass surface. A separate mask
is used for the application of each colour.
Seam Couture
Naad
: Mark on glass surface resulting
from joint of matching mould parts.
Seeds Gispen
Puces
: Relatively small bubbles (0.2 - 2mm) of gas in
the glass matrix.
Selenium
Selenio
: A chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34. Selenium
has found wide application in decolorizing flint glasses.
Senarmontite Senarmontiet
: Sb2O3, mineral; cubic form. Orthorombic
form below 606°C is called valentinite.
Shadow wall Schattenwand
: An open lattice structure built
on top of the bridge wall or suspended from the crown to limit the heat
flow from the melter to the refiner or working end.
Shear marks Marques de
ciseaux
Messerschnittmarkierungen,
Scherenschnittmarkierung
след от отреза ножниц
:
A glass container defect: a scar from the shearing operation (gob
cutting) usually a slightly curved shape with a feathery appearance.
Shear marks may run over the sealing surface and/or occur on the bottom
of the glass container.
Sheet glass Flachglas
Vidrio plano
Vlakglas
: Flat glass made by continuous
drawing.
Shoulder Schouder
Schulter
: Part of a glass container:
extends from the base of the neck to the straight part of the body.
Shoulder tear : Container glass defect: surface cracks on the
shoulder of the glass container, usually wavy in appearance.
Sidewall : The side of a glass container
extending from the heel upwards to the shoulder. The label panel usually
appears in the sidewall of the container.
Silica Kieselerde
Silice
кремнезёма
:
SiO2, Silicon dioxide, a mixture that is the main ingredient
of glass. The most common form of silica used in glass-making has always
been sand.
Silicon sphere : Si sphere; glass defect, sphere consisting of
elemental silicon. The defect is usually caused by aluminium that causes
a reduction of SiO2.
Sill block : Refractory block above the
melting end soldier or sidewall block supporting the burner block
assembly.
Sillimanite Sillimaniet
Sillimanit
: Al2O3.SiO2,an
alumino-silicate mineral.
Skimmer block : A refractory block that holds back glass
surface impurities, positioned at the forehearth entry and adjacent to
the refiner or distributor.
Soda ash Carbonatode sodio
Carbonate de sódio
Carbonato di sodio, soda
Natri Cacbonat
Natriumcarbonat, Soda
Natriumkarbonat
Soda
Soda,
natriumcarbonaat
Sodyum Karbonat
кальцинированная
сода
: Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3);
the main source of sodium oxide (Na2O), or 'soda'. This
anhydrous, white powder is added to the glass batch, with sodium oxide
becoming part of the glass and carbon dioxide being released.
Soda-lime glass Natronkalkglas
Kalknatronglas,
Kalk-Natron-Glass, Soda-Kalkglas
Verre sodocalcique
известково-натриевое
стекло
ソーダ石灰ガラス
: The most common type of industrially produced
glass. A typical soda-lime glass is composed of silica (70-75%), soda
(11-16%) and lime (8-15%), plus small amounts of other materials to
provide particular properties such as colour.
Sodium nitrate, soda niter Natriumnitraat
Nitrate de
soude
: NaNO3; chemical
compound, used as an oxidising agent in glass melting.
Sodium sulphate сернокислый натрий
Natriumsulfaat
Natriumsulfat
Sulfate de sodium
Sulfato de
sodio
: Na2SO4;
commonly used as a fining agent in glass production.
Softening point Erweichungspunkt
Точка размягчения
Verwekingstemperatuur
: The temperature at which glass will deform under its own weight;
the corresponding viscosity is 106.6Pa.S.
Spectral purity Pureté
Sättigung
Verzadigingsgraad
: Describes the concentration of a
specific hue of a glass article according the CIE colour system.
The spectral purity ranges from 0% to 100%. In the CIE colour diagram,
this purity indicates the relative distance of the plotted colour from
the centre of the diagram compared to the distance of the centre point
to the border of the diagram drawing a straight line through the
measured value.
Spike Picot
: A critical glass defect; upward pointing
protrusions on the base of a glass container.
Spinel
Espinela
Spinell
Spinelle
: MgAl2O4,
mineral.
Spiticule : Container glass defect: bead
or string of glass that is adhered to the inside surface.
Split, split finish : Container glass defect: an open crack starting
at the top of the finish and extending downward.
Spodumene
Espodumena
Spodumeen
Spodumen
Spodumène
: LiO2.Al2O3.2SiO2,
a lithium aluminium inosilicate, a source of lithium in glass
production.
Spout : End part of a feeder
carrying orifice and tube.
Sputtering : The process in
which, by passing an electric current through an ionised gas and thus
bombarding the surface of a metal cathode with ions, atoms of the
desired metal are vaporised and then deposited in a thin film on the
glass surface.
Squeeze tester : Container glass quality inspection equipment: each
bottle is passed between discs that exert a force to the body of a glass
container. Any weakness or crack in the bottle will cause it to fail.
Stem : The narrow part of
drinking glasses separating the bowl and the foot.
Stem-ware Стеклоизделие на
ножке
Stielglas
: The collective term given to drinking glasses
whose body is connected to the base by a thinner column of glass.
Strain : Residual thermal
stress, visible in polarised light.
Strain point Lage ontspanningstemperatuur
Unterer
Kühlpunkt
: Temperature at which 'stress is
relieved' in several hours. Below the strain point, at a viscosity of 1013.6Pa.S,
glass is essentially an elastic solid.
Stria : Cord of low intensity
Striking : The process of reheating glass
after it has cooled in order to develop a colour that only appears
within a limited range of temperatures.
Stuck plunger, stuck plug : Glass defect, a small piece of glass, usually
sharp, projecting inwards just inside the bore of the bottle.
Sunken shoulder : Container glass defect: a shoulder which is not
fully blown up.
Sunken side : Container glass defect: the
side of a container is not fully blown up or may have sunk after release
from the blow mould.
Sulphate gall : Na2SO4 or K2SO4,
sodium or potassium sulphate mineral. Glass defect commonly occurring as
ellipsoidal inclusions consisting of bubbles completely filled with
translucent crystalline deposits.
Superstructure
Верхнее строение
Bovenbouw
Oberofen, Oberbau
: Parts of a glass tank above the sidewall tank
blocks.
Tableware Tafelglas
: dishes or dishware used for
setting a table, serving food and for dining. Tableware includes cutlery
and glassware.
Tap : Process of draining a glass
furnace under controlled conditions.
Tear : Container glass defect similar
to a check; a tear will however not break when tapped.
Tears under finish : Container glass defect: surface cracks which
occur on or near the parting line between the neck and the finish.
Temper : The degree of residual stress
in annealed glass as measured using a polariscope.
Tempered glass Gehard glas
Verre trempé
Vetro temprato
Vidrio templado
Vidro temperado
: Glass that has been subjected to a thermal treatment
characterized by rapid cooling to produce a compressively stressed
surface layer. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and
the inner surfaces into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when
broken, to crumble into small granular chunks instead of splintering
into jagged shards as plate glass creates. The granular chunks are less
likely to cause injury. As a result of its safety and strength,
toughened glass is used in a variety of demanding applications,
including vehicle windows, shower doors, glass doors and tables,
refrigerator trays, mobile screen protectors, as a component of
bulletproof glass, for diving masks, and various types of plates and
cookware.
Tempering Temperen
Tempern
: see toughening.
Thenardite Thenardiet
: Na2SO4,an
anhydrous sodium sulphate mineral.
Thermal conductivity Conductividad térmica
Conductivité
thermique
Conduttività termica
Теплопроводность
: The passage of heat through a
material. Insulation materials are defined as having 'low' thermal
conductivity whereas metallic materials generally have 'high' thermal
conductivity.
Thermal shock Choc thermique
Choque térmico
Shock
termico
Термический удар
Thermische schok
Thermoschock
: The effects of rapid temperature change on a
material. In glass, the shock may derive from the external surface of
glass expanding or contracting more rapidly than the interior surface as
a result of heating or cooling. Any such difference may lead to cracking
or shattering.
Thermal shock testing Abschreckprüfung,
Wärmeschockprüfung
испытание на термический
уда
: Assessing the effects of rapid
temperature change on a material. In glass, the shock may derive from
the external surface of glass expanding or contracting more rapidly than
the interior surface as a result of heating or cooling. Any such
difference may lead to cracking or shattering.
Thermocouple
Thermokoppel
: A pair of different metals in
contact at a point, generating a thermoelectric voltage which can serve
as a measure of temperature. The wires are encased in a protective
sheath that can be introduced as a probe into the glass furnace or kiln.
Throat Garganta
Gorge
Keel
: The submerged passage between
melter and working end (final conditioning zones and feeders).
Toughened glass : see tempered glass.
Toughening Harden
: Process in order to make glass
particularly resistant to breakage. The process may be physical
(thermal) or chemical. In the physical process, the glass sheet is
heated to a temperature just below its softening point and then
immediately cooled by cold-air in order to produce a compressively
stressed surface layer resulting in a stronger glass item which, upon
breakage, shatters into tiny pieces with blunt edges (e.g. used for
automotive glass). The chemical process is based on the so-called
ion-stuffing technique e.g. glass containing sodium is cooled slowly in
a salt bath of molten potassium: the sodium ions will migrate from
the glass to the salt, while the potassium ions will move to the surface
of the glass where they create a denser and therefore stronger surface
layer. Glass sheets which have been chemically tempered are more
than five times stronger than those which have not undergone any
tempering process.
Tridymite
Tridimita
Tridymiet
Tridymit
Trydymit
Тридимит
: SiO2; a high
temperature polymorph of quartz.
Tuckstone : A block above the soldier (or
side wall) blocks and beneath the breast walls of the melting end and
refiner or distributor/working end.
Type I glass Type I glas
Verre
type I
: Highly resistant borosilicate
glass, commonly used for pharmaceutical or fine chemical products that
are sensitive to pH changes.
Type II glass Type II glas
Verre type II
: Type II glass containers are made from soda lime
glass that has been de-alkalised to obtain an improved chemical
resistance.
Type III glass Type III glas
Verre
type III
: Glass containers made of
untreated soda-lime glass, having an average chemical resistance.
Ulexite
Uleksyt
Ulexiet
Ulexit
Ulexita
Uléxite
Ουλεξίτης
: NaCaB2O9.8H2O;
a hydrated borate mineral used for boron containing glasses.
Unfilled finish Bord non fini
: Container glass defect: a
finish which is incompletely filled in top, bead or thread.
Unit melter : A glass furnace type with
burners along both sides and (usually) with a recuperator.
Uranium glass Ouraline
Uraniumglas
: Glass coloured with uranium oxide or diuranate.
Valentinite
Valentiniet
Valentinit
Βαλεντινίτης
: Sb2O3, mineral,
orthorombic form below 606°C, cubic form is senarmontite.
Vello process Способ Велло
Vello-proces
: A drawing process used for the production of glass tubing: glass
from the furnace forehearth flows down through an orifice (ring) within
which is a rotating conical-ended shaft (or mandrel) over and around
which the glass flows. The tube-shaped glass is pulled from the end of
the shaft by a tractor machine and turned through 90° into a horizontal
position ready for cutting.
Vial : A small cylindrical glass
vessel especially for holding liquid medicines.
Viscosity Вязкость
Viscosidad
Viscosidade
Viscosità
Viscosité
Viscositeit
Viskosität
Viskositeit
Viskositet
Viszkozitás
Вязкость
Độ
nhớt
श्यानता
لزوجة
: A measure of the resistance of a
fluid (e.g. a glass melt) which is being deformed by either shear stress
or tensile stress. Viscosity is the 'thickness' of a fluid. SI unit of
dynamic viscosity: Pa.S.
Vitroceramic : Glass-ceramics; see glass-ceramics.
Washboard Стиральная доска
:
Container glass defect: horizontal waves, ripples on the surface of
glassware.
Water glass Silicato di
sodio
Verre soluble
Wasserglas
Waterglas
Жидкое стекло
:
Sodium silicate glass that is soluble in water.
Water hammer : A pressure surge or wave resulting when a
fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum
change). E.g. the water hammer phenomenon occurs when a filled glass
container drops suddenly during transportation and/or when it is
vibrated. The liquid content remains at the same position for a short
period of time due to the inertia which generates cavitation in the
liquid. After that, the liquid starts dropping and then strongly hits
the inside glass surface of the bottle (bottom), which can lead to the
breakage of the glass container.
Weathering Verwitterung
: Changes on a glass surface
caused by chemical reaction with the environment. Weathering usually
involves the leaching of alkali from the glass by water.
Wire edge : Container glass finish defect:
a finish which has excessive glass projecting upwards from the inside
edge of the finish; contrary to an overpress, the glass does not extend
above the sealing surface.
Wired glass : Flat rolled glass reinforced
with wire mesh and used especially for glass doors and roofing to
prevent objects from smashing through the glass and also to hold pieces
of broken glass together. By holding the glass together, it can also
protect against break-in and the spreading of fire. Wired glass is
produced by continuously feeding wire mesh from a roller into the molten
glass ribbon just before it undergoes cooling.
Wollastonite
Wollastoniet
Wollastonit
Wollastonita
Волластонит
:
CaO.SiO2; a calcium inosilicate mineral.
Working end Arbeitsende
: Compartment of a glass tank
where glass is delivered for forming.
Working point Point de travail
Verarbeitungspunkt
Werktemperatuur,
Verwerkingspunt
: Temperature at which the molten glass can be
deformed/manipulated: the viscous glass mass is deformed into its final
shape at a viscosity of 103Pa.S
Working range Palier de travail
Verarbeitungsbereich
: Temperature range where the
viscosity is between 103 and 106.6Pa.S. If there
is a wide working range, we have a 'long glass'. If the working range is
narrow, we have a 'short glass'. If the working range is situated at
higher temperatures, we have so called 'hard glass'. A 'soft glass' has
its working range at lower temperatures.
X-ray diffraction, XRD Diffraction des rayons X
Röntgendiffractie
: X-ray diffraction is an analysis
technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of
crystalline material, in which the atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays
to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and
intensities of these diffracted beams, the crystalline material and its
three-dimensional crystal structure can be identified and analysed.
X-ray fluorescence, XRF Fluorescence X
Röntgenfluorescentie
: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the
emission of characteristic secondary (or fluorescent) X-rays from a
material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or
gamma rays. X-ray fluorescence is as a powerful and precise technique to
analyse the oxide types and content in glass products.
Yarn : Twisted strands of roving,
used to weave textile reinforcements.
ZAC : Abbreviation for
zircon-alumina electrocast refractories.
Zircon
Cyrkon
Zircão
Zircón
Zirkoon
Zirkon
Ζιρκόνιο
Циркон
:
ZrO2.SiO2, zirconium silicate e.g. used as
refractory.
Zirconia, zirconium dioxide Cirkónium-dioxid
Dióxido de zircónio
Ossido di zirconio
Zirkondioxid
Zirkonyum
dioksit
Zirkoonoxide
двуокись циркони
دیاکسید زیرکونیوم
: ZrO2, Its most naturally occurring
form, with a monoclinic crystalline structure, is the rare mineral
baddeleyite. ZrO2 is often used for refractories because of
the high melting point, chemical inertness and low thermal conductivity.
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